Category Archives: Mathematics

A brief general explanation of Rao-Blacwellization and a new way of applying it to reduce the variance of a point estimation in a sequential bayesian setting

July 20, 2015 11:08 ,

Petetin, Y.; Desbouvries, F., Bayesian Conditional Monte Carlo Algorithms for Nonlinear Time-Series State Estimation, Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.63, no.14, pp.3586,3598, DOI: 10.1109/TSP.2015.2423251.

Bayesian filtering aims at estimating sequentially a hidden process from an observed one. In particular, sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) techniques propagate in time weighted trajectories which represent the posterior probability density function (pdf) of the hidden process given the available observations. On the other hand, conditional Monte Carlo (CMC) is a variance reduction technique which replaces the estimator of a moment of interest by its conditional expectation given another variable. In this paper, we show that up to some adaptations, one can make use of the time recursive nature of SMC algorithms in order to propose natural temporal CMC estimators of some point estimates of the hidden process, which outperform the associated crude Monte Carlo (MC) estimator whatever the number of samples. We next show that our Bayesian CMC estimators can be computed exactly, or approximated efficiently, in some hidden Markov chain (HMC) models; in some jump Markov state-space systems (JMSS); as well as in multitarget filtering. Finally our algorithms are validated via simulations.

Posted in: Bayesian filtering , Tagged: , ,

Accelerating the updating stage of a PF through selection of a few representative particles and interpolation of their weights to the rest, with interesting methods for selection and interpolation and a nice related work of efficiency-improved PFs

July 17, 2015 09:41 ,

Shabat, G.; Shmueli, Y.; Bermanis, A.; Averbuch, A., Accelerating Particle Filter Using Randomized Multiscale and Fast Multipole Type Methods, Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on , vol.37, no.7, pp.1396,1407, July 1 2015, DOI: 10.1109/TPAMI.2015.2392754.

Particle filter is a powerful tool for state tracking using non-linear observations. We present a multiscale based method that accelerates the tracking computation by particle filters. Unlike the conventional way, which calculates weights over all particles in each cycle of the algorithm, we sample a small subset from the source particles using matrix decomposition methods. Then, we apply a function extension algorithm that uses a particle subset to recover the density function for all the rest of the particles not included in the chosen subset. The computational effort is substantial especially when multiple objects are tracked concurrently. The proposed algorithm significantly reduces the computational load. By using the Fast Gaussian Transform, the complexity of the particle selection step is reduced to a linear time in n and k , where n is the number of particles and k is the number of particles in the selected subset. We demonstrate our method on both simulated and on real data such as object tracking in video sequences.

Posted in: Bayesian filtering , Tagged: , , , ,

A quick, formal explanation of the PageRank algorithm and its existing variants

May 29, 2015 16:23 ,

Lei, J.; Chen, H., Distributed Randomized PageRank Algorithm Based on Stochastic Approximation, Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on , vol.60, no.6, pp.1641,1646, June 2015. DOI: 10.1109/TAC.2014.2359311.

A distributed randomized PageRank algorithm based on stochastic approximation (SA) is proposed to estimate the importance scores of web pages. Compared with the existing methods, the algorithm given here has wider applications in the sense that it can deal with a larger class of randomizations. The strong consistency of the estimates is proved, and the robustness of the PageRank value is analyzed as well. Numerical examples are given to verify the obtained theoretic results.

Posted in: Communication networks, Graph theory , Tagged:

Analysis of the deterioration of several Kalman Filters depending on the amount of uncertainty in the observations, when the observation model is non-linear

May 4, 2015 11:51 ,

Mark R. Morelande and Ángel F. García-Fernández, Analysis of Kalman Filter Approximations for Nonlinear Measurements, IEEE Transactions on signal processing, vol. 61, no. 22, 2013 DOI: 10.1109/TSP.2013.2279367.

A theoretical analysis is presented of the correction step of the Kalman filter (KF) and its various approximations for the case of a nonlinear measurement equation with additive Gaussian noise. The KF is based on a Gaussian app roximation to the joint density of the state and the measurement. The analysis metric is the Kullback-Leibler divergence of this approximation from the true joint density. The purpose of the analysis is to provide a quantitative tool for understanding and assessing the performance of the KF and its variants in nonlinear scenarios. This is illustrated using a numerical example.

Posted in: Probability and statistics , Tagged: , , , ,

Study of the explanation of probability and reasoning in the human mind through mental models, probability logic and classical logic

May 4, 2015 09:55 ,

P.N. Johnson-Laird, Sangeet S. Khemlani, Geoffrey P. Goodwin, Logic, probability, and human reasoning, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Volume 19, Issue 4, April 2015, Pages 201-214, ISSN 1364-6613, DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.02.006.

This review addresses the long-standing puzzle of how logic and probability fit together in human reasoning. Many cognitive scientists argue that conventional logic cannot underlie deductions, because it never requires valid conclusions to be withdrawn – not even if they are false; it treats conditional assertions implausibly; and it yields many vapid, although valid, conclusions. A new paradigm of probability logic allows conclusions to be withdrawn and treats conditionals more plausibly, although it does not address the problem of vapidity. The theory of mental models solves all of these problems. It explains how people reason about probabilities and postulates that the machinery for reasoning is itself probabilistic. Recent investigations accordingly suggest a way to integrate probability and deduction.

Posted in: Artificial Intelligence, Mathematical logic, Probability and statistics, Psycho-physiological bases of engineering , Tagged: ,

On the not-so-domain-generic nature of statistical learning in the human brain

March 11, 2015 15:09 ,

Ram Frost, Blair C. Armstrong, Noam Siegelman, Morten H. Christiansen, 2015, Domain generality versus modality specificity: the paradox of statistical learning, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Volume 19, Issue 3, March 2015, Pages 117-125, DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.12.010.

Statistical learning (SL) is typically considered to be a domain-general mechanism by which cognitive systems discover the underlying distributional properties of the input. However, recent studies examining whether there are commonalities in the learning of distributional information across different domains or modalities consistently reveal modality and stimulus specificity. Therefore, important questions are how and why a hypothesized domain-general learning mechanism systematically produces such effects. Here, we offer a theoretical framework according to which SL is not a unitary mechanism, but a set of domain-general computational principles that operate in different modalities and, therefore, are subject to the specific constraints characteristic of their respective brain regions. This framework offers testable predictions and we discuss its computational and neurobiological plausibility.

Posted in: Machine learning, Psycho-physiological bases of engineering , Tagged: ,

Novel algorithm for inexact graph matching of moderate size graphs based on Gaussian process regression

February 10, 2015 19:54 ,

Serradell, E.; Pinheiro, M.A.; Sznitman, R.; Kybic, J.; Moreno-Noguer, F.; Fua, P., (2015), Non-Rigid Graph Registration Using Active Testing Search, Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on , vol.37, no.3, pp.625,638. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2014.2343235

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We present a new approach for matching sets of branching curvilinear structures that form graphs embedded in R^2 or R^3 and may be subject to deformations. Unlike earlier methods, ours does not rely on local appearance similarity nor does require a good initial alignment. Furthermore, it can cope with non-linear deformations, topological differences, and partial graphs. To handle arbitrary non-linear deformations, we use Gaussian process regressions to represent the geometrical mapping relating the two graphs. In the absence of appearance information, we iteratively establish correspondences between points, update the mapping accordingly, and use it to estimate where to find the most likely correspondences that will be used in the next step. To make the computation tractable for large graphs, the set of new potential matches considered at each iteration is not selected at random as with many RANSAC-based algorithms. Instead, we introduce a so-called Active Testing Search strategy that performs a priority search to favor the most likely matches and speed-up the process. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach first on synthetic cases and then on angiography data, retinal fundus images, and microscopy image stacks acquired at very different resolutions.

Posted in: Graph theory , Tagged: ,

Partially observable reinforcement learning and the problem of representing the history of the learning process efficiently

January 23, 2015 17:58 ,

Doshi-Velez, F.; Pfau, D.; Wood, F.; Roy, N., Bayesian Nonparametric Methods for Partially-Observable Reinforcement Learning, Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on , vol.37, no.2, pp.394,407, Feb. 2015, DOI: 10.1109/TPAMI.2013.191

Making intelligent decisions from incomplete information is critical in many applications: for example, robots must choose actions based on imperfect sensors, and speech-based interfaces must infer a user\u2019s needs from noisy microphone inputs. What makes these tasks hard is that often we do not have a natural representation with which to model the domain and use for choosing actions; we must learn about the domain\u2019s properties while simultaneously performing the task. Learning a representation also involves trade-offs between modeling the data that we have seen previously and being able to make predictions about new data. This article explores learning representations of stochastic systems using Bayesian nonparametric statistics. Bayesian nonparametric methods allow the sophistication of a representation to scale gracefully with the complexity in the data. Our main contribution is a careful empirical evaluation of how representations learned using Bayesian nonparametric methods compare to other standard learning approaches, especially in support of planning and control. We show that the Bayesian aspects of the methods result in achieving state-of-the-art performance in decision making with relatively few samples, while the nonparametric aspects often result in fewer computations. These results hold across a variety of different techniques for choosing actions given a representation.

Posted in: Reinforcement learning theory , Tagged: ,

Estimating an empirical distribution from a number of estimates distributed among several agents, minimizing the information exchange between the agents

January 23, 2015 17:25 ,

Sarwate, A.D.; Javidi, T., Distributed Learning of Distributions via Social Sampling, Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on , vol.60, no.1, pp.34,45, Jan. 2015, DOI: 10.1109/TAC.2014.2329611

A protocol for distributed estimation of discrete distributions is proposed. Each agent begins with a single sample from the distribution, and the goal is to learn the empirical distribution of the samples. The protocol is based on a simple message-passing model motivated by communication in social networks. Agents sample a message randomly from their current estimates of the distribution, resulting in a protocol with quantized messages. Using tools from stochastic approximation, the algorithm is shown to converge almost surely. Examples illustrate three regimes with different consensus phenomena. Simulations demonstrate this convergence and give some insight into the effect of network topology.

Posted in: Probability and statistics , Tagged: